What Do U Write if U Use the Same Fotnote Again

What Are Footnotes? | Guide with Word Instructions

Published on March 28, 2022 by Jack Caulfield.

Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of the page in a slice of academic writing and indicated in the text with superscript numbers (or sometimes letters or other symbols). You can insert footnotes automatically in Word or Google Docs. They're used to provide:

• Citations in certain styles
• Additional information that would disrupt the menstruum of the chief text

Note: Footnotes are a lot like endnotes, which are used in similar ways. The deviation is that endnotes appear all together at the stop of the text, instead of separately on each page. This gives your text a less cluttered appearance, but it can likewise exist inconvenient for readers.

How to insert footnotes in Give-and-take and Google Docs

If y'all're writing in Microsoft Word or in Google Docs, it'due south easy to insert footnotes automatically using the congenital-in functionality of the software.

Almost style guidelines are flexible enough that these automatically inserted footnotes meet their requirements, so that you don't have to worry about the specifics of formatting.

Inserting footnotes in Word

Information technology's straightforward to insert footnotes in Discussion. Just follow these steps:

1. Click on the point in the text where yous want the footnote number to announced.
2. Select the "References" tab at the top, and so select "Insert Footnote."
3. Type whatsoever text yous want into the footnote that appears.

Inserting footnotes in Google Docs

Yous can also hands add footnotes in Google Docs. Follow the steps below:

1. Click on the point in the text where y'all desire to add together a footnote.
2. At the top, click on "Insert" and then on "Footnote" in the drop-downwardly menu.
3. Type the text you desire into the footnote.

Numbering and placement of footnotes

Footnotes should be numbered consecutively in the order they appear throughout your paper. Each note should have a unique number; don't utilize the same number again even if you lot cite the same source repeatedly.

Footnote numbers are normally placed at the terminate of the relevant clause or judgement. The number appears after whatever punctuation, except when the clause ends with an em dash, in which example the number appears earlier information technology. Don't add a space before the number.

Example: Placement of footnote numbers

McGill argues that this method is flawed.¹ Nevertheless, other studies—such as that of Smith and Coulson²—come to the contrary conclusion.

Footnotes in Chicago style

Chicago style uses footnotes for citations (unless yous're following Chicago author-date). Footnotes can also be used to add extra information such as commentary on the source cited, or elaborations on a point you touched on in the main text.

In Chicago footnotes, y'all place a footnote at the finish of the clause or judgement that needs a citation. The footnote contains total information near each source the first time you cite it, and shortened data for subsequent citations of the same source.

Example: Chicago footnotes

       ane. Tegan George and Jack Caulfield, "Academic Integrity vs. Academic Dishonesty," March x, 2022, https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism/bookish-dishonesty/.

 2. George and Caulfield, "Academic Integrity."

Full information most all your sources is usually included in a bibliography at the finish, except in very short papers, where footnote citations may exist used alone if your institution allows it.

Chicago recommends using your word processor's built-in footnote function to add together footnotes, merely a couple of formatting details may need to be changed manually:

• Add together an indent at the start of each footnote (before the number).
• Write the number at the start of the annotation in normal text (not superscript), followed by a catamenia and then a space.
• Get out one blank line between footnotes, and make certain footnotes are single-spaced.

Footnotes in APA Manner

APA footnotes are used only for providing actress data, since APA in-text citations appear in parentheses instead.

You tin can use them to provide supplemental information such equally additional examples or clarifications; practice this sparingly, as APA warns against including nonessential information. Footnotes are too used to provide copyright attribution when it'due south needed.

Example: APA footnotes

               ¹ From What Parents Tin Await in Beliefs Therapy, by Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/infographics/what-parents-await.html). In the public domain.

              ^two A second round of testing was initially planned, only this idea was abandoned due to …

APA recommends using your word processing software to automatically insert footnotes, but add together an indent at the start of each footnote if this isn't done automatically. The footnote begins with the superscript footnote number followed by a space.

Footnotes in MLA way

MLA footnotes are used to provide supplemental information such every bit extra examples, clarifications of citation practice, or elaborations on ideas.

MLA in-text citations appear in parentheses, non in notes, but where a lot of citations are needed at once, they tin be placed in a footnote to avoid cluttering the text.

Example: MLA footnotes

           ¹ Citations of marginalia refer to George'due south edition and include page numbers. Citations of the verse form refer to Davis's edition and include line numbers.

        ⁱⁱ This remains a controversial point. Researchers in the field have debated this issue since …

            ³ See Crittenden five–11; Kent 17–34; Smith 44–50; and Jones 36.

MLA recommends using your word processor to automatically insert footnotes, styling the number at the offset of the commendation in superscript, followed by a space. An indent should besides exist added at the start of the footnote (before the number).

What's the difference between footnotes and endnotes?

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to. This is convenient for the reader but may crusade your text to wait cluttered if there are a lot of footnotes.

Endnotes appear all together at the end of the whole text. This may exist less convenient for the reader but reduces clutter.

Both footnotes and endnotes are used in the same mode: to cite sources or add extra data. You should normally choose 1 or the other to use in your text, not both.

What are footnotes used for?

Footnotes are notes indicated in your text with numbers and placed at the bottom of the folio. They're used to provide:

• Citations (east.g., in Chicago notes and bibliography)
• Additional information that would disrupt the flow of the main text

Be sparing in your use of footnotes (other than citation footnotes), and consider whether the information you're adding is relevant for the reader.

How do I insert a footnote in Give-and-take?

To insert a footnote automatically in a Word certificate:

1. Click on the betoken in the text where the footnote should appear
2. Select the "References" tab at the tiptop and then click on "Insert Footnote"
3. Type the text you want into the footnote that appears at the bottom of the page

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